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This book deals with the processes constituting the cycles of the phosphate and nitrogen compounds in sediment and the phosphate equilibria between the sediment and the overlying water. Sediment, to a large extent, controls the P- and N concentrations and thus primary production. In most waters, too high concentrations of these compounds cause excessive growth of algae, causing so-called eutrophication. Abatement of this can only be achieved after a complete understanding of the quantitative role of sediment in the P- and N cycle. Thus, for the phosphate cycle the following processes are evaluated: -P-binding onto sediments, viz., onto iron hydroxide and calcium carbonate (limestone), -Fractionation of phosphate in relation to its bioavailability, -Release processes under anoxic and oxic conditions, and their dependence on pH changes, -Further items taken into account, including the influence of drying of sediment and its resuspension by wind.For the nitrogen cycle, the following are discussed: -Ammonification of organically bound nitrogen, -Nitrification and denitrification, including Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction, -Links with other chemical elements are made.